Course Contents


Course Contents


AR - 121: Introduction to Environmental Studies


1. Concepts and Terminology:


1.1.  Definitions and concepts of natural and built environment
1.2.  Components of physical and non-physical aspects of the environment
1.3.  Sociology, art, culture and their relationship with the built environment
1.4.  Economy and politics and their role in the environment
1.5.  Technological advancements and society
1.6.  Actors and factors; indicators and variables of the built environment
1.7.  Issues of the built environment
1.8.  Introduction to the concept of a sustainable environment
1.9.  Karachi’s history and the city’s context

2.      Components of the Physical Environment:


2.1.  Land use, transportation, community infrastructure, service infrastructure
2.2. Topography, natural features, geography, location, topography, technology, etc.
2.3.  Introduction to Tools for Recording and Observation of Macro Environment:
2.3.1.      Sketches, Photography, Maps
2.3.2.      Social surveys, Interviews
2.3.3.  Techniques in quick & detailed documentation of urban & rural environments.

3.      Environmental Profile of Pakistan - An Introduction:


3.1. Geographical distribution; social profiles; resources
3.2.  Major issues of environment
3.2.1.      Deforestation / Forest degradation
3.2.2.      Water logging and salinity
3.2.3.      Erosion/sedimentation
3.2.4.      Desertification, species extinction, urbanization
3.3.  Key issues in Pakistani environment
3.3.1.      Water management
3.3.2.      Aquatic Eco-system, tourism, health, food
3.3.3.      Tourism and energy related issues


4.      Karachi – A Profile:


4.1. Basic facts related to growth, population, economy and urban geography, etc.
4.2.  History and development;
4.3.  Dominant environmental issues
4.3.1.      Housing, transport, water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, law and order
4.3.2.      State response to issues
4.4. Case Studies: Evolution and issues of cities / Settlements of the world


Bibliography and References


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