Karachi’s History and the City’s Context

1.9.  Karachi’s History and the City’s Context:

1.9.1. Early Period:

Karachi has a very long history. It is believed that, this city existed since prehistoric times with a prehistoric Mahadev Cave Temple and Ram Bagh of c.1000 BC. Both these places still existed in the city. The recorded historic era of this city begins with Alexander the Great in c.326 BC. Following is the timeline of events, rulers and physical developments in the history of this city which describe in details the history and context of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 

The recorded historic era of Karachi begins from c.326 BC. At that time it was southern territory of Sindh and all the rulers who came afterwards kept control of Karachi one way or another. It is evident from Greek records that, Alexander the Great set his sail from the Manora Island in Karachi when he was leaving back to Babylonia. After this record there was a Buddhist and Jain period about which the historical records are unavailable except people’s history transferred through religious texts and Dand-Katha from one generation to another generation. The people’s history explains that, Karachi was a temple town and transition stop over for the pilgrimages to the Hinglaj in Balochistan by the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain people from all over the subcontinent from sixteen Janapada of late Vedic period (c.1100 BC to c.500 BC). There were sixteen sacred places throughout these Janapada for people of Hindu, Jains and Buddhists as pilgrimage place. Hinglaj is one of these sixteen sacred places. The history remained silent about these events but this pilgrimage still continued till date from Karachi and all subcontinent. 

The history of Sindh again re-emerged about Karachi in c.712 AD. With Muhammad bin Qasim who conquered the Sindh by killing the local Buddhist King Raja Dahir who had expanded his kingdom from south to north i.e. Karachi to Kashmir. The next record of this city was evident in c.977 to 1524 AD when there was Ghaznavi Empire from Karachi to Kashmir and Kabul to Delhi. It was known as Delhi Sultanate. However, with the independence from Ghaznavis by a Hindu Soomra Dynasty in c. 1058 AD they become rulers of Sindh up till seashore islands. The Soomra Dynasty were later converted to Islam by the Sufi Saints of Multan and ruled Sindh and islands of Karachi from c.1058 AD to c.1351 AD. The Soomra rule ended with another Hindu Samma dynasty which had two capitals one at Sukkhur and other at Thatta. They ruled Sindh from c.1351 AD to c.1525 AD. The Samma also converted to Islam after Mughals taken over the Delhi Sultanate and made their Mughal Empire from 1526 onwards. The Mughal have direct control of Thatta. They converted Samma into Muslim after the marriage of Emperor Akbar the Great with the daughter of a Samma Ruler. The Mughal dominance remained from c1526 AD with King Babar to c.1707 AD with King Aurangzeb. 

After which Mughal power reduced to greater extent with their nominated Soobedaar of Kalhora Dynasty in Sindh. There are two other different periods of Sindh’s history when from c.1521 AD to c.1554 AD Arghun dynasty ruled the Sindh and from c.1555 AD to c.1612 AD Tarkhan Dynasty controlled Sindh. In c.1568 AD the port of Debal was attacked by the Portuguese Admiral Fernão Mendes Pinto in an attempt to capture or destroy the Ottoman vessels anchored at the port of Sindh. But they were sent back from Sindh through local resistance from rulers of Sindh. In 1612 Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Sindh and ruled it via Governors or Soobedaars or Nawabs from c.1612 AD to 1700 AD. By c.1696 AD to c.1701 AD Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro become the first Soobedaar of Sindh by Mughal Emperor. In his era Kalachi Jo Goth and Lyari was founded by fishermen which is further expanded later on. From c.1701 AD to 1719 AD Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro become Soobedaar as well as Nawab of Sindh and Kalhora dynasty ruled Sindh until c.1783 AD. In c.1707 AD the Mughal Empire crumbled after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. The weaken empire was overthrown in different areas. Punjab to Kashmir was taken by Sikhs, Marathas have taken Maharashtra and then there were independent princely states. 

In 1929 Kalachi Jo Goth was expanded with a trading settlement and development of Karachi port by Hindu merchants of nearby port of Kharak Bandar. At that time new port and its settlement was given different names by Kalhora rulers of Sindh. In c.1738 AD Nader Shah of Iran conquered Kandahar and next year Mughal Empire was under his control. He was honored by all the Mughal Soobedaars except the Kalhora ruler of Sindh. From c.1739 AD to c.1772 AD Nader Shah strengthen his rule and decided to capture Sindh. He attacked Sindh and defeated the last Kalhora ruler Mian Sarfaraz Kalhoro popularly known as Khuda Yar Khan. After his acceptance of the surrender to Nader Shah forces he regained his power by getting appointed as ruler of Sindh from 1772 to 1783. In c.1783 AD Talpur dynasty defeated the Kalhora Dynasty and ruled Sindh from c.1783 AD to c.1843 AD. They established their princely state of Khairpur and took control of Karachi city and built a fort for safety from intruders. In their era the population reached to 14000 inhabitants in c.1838 AD. 

1.9.2. Modern Period:

In c.1839 AD British military occupation begins and by the year c.1843 AD British occupied whole Sindh and Karachi town becomes the part of colonial British India. The British rulers developed the city context to greater extent by adding different buildings and infrastructure projects. The contextual details of development in Karachi and other significant events in British Era are as follows: In c.1847 AD Karachi was made part of Sind Division, under Bombay Presidency, British India. During this year the first Karachi Anglo-Indian School was founded. In c.1852 AD a Municipal Commission was established in Karachi which start holding Karachi Fairs at current Numaish Chowrangi. In c.1854 AD Napier Mole was built to connect Kiamāri Island to Karachi city. In c.1858 AD first bank was established in Karachi known as Agra and Masterman Bank. In c.1860 AD Karachi Chamber of Commerce was established in Karachi. In c.1861 AD the St. Patrick's High School, Karachi established. Whereas, Sindh, Punjab & Delhi Railway line (Kotri-Karachi) also begins operating in the same year. In c.1862 AD St. Joseph's Convent School established in Karachi. In c.1865 AD Frere Hall Library was built. 

In c.1868 AD first church St Andrew's Church was built. In c.1871 AD first royal Sind Club was founded. In c.1872 AD Karachi Boat Club founded and population reached up to 62,384 persons.In c.1873 AD Manora breakwater was constructed in the harbour. In c.1878 AD Karachi Zoological Garden was established as first recreational place for citizens. The population in c.1881 AD reached up to 68,332 persons in town and 5,228 persons in the cantonment. Same year Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi was built as major religious place for Christians. In c. 1882 AD Sindh Arts College was inaugurated to create an understanding of local people about European arts and crafts. After three years in c.1885 AD first formal sector transportation project of Tramway begins operating. In c.1886 AD the first library was made for the local inhabitants known as Denso Hall library. Same year Goa-Portuguese Association was established to secure the rights of local Christians. Next year Karachi Port Trust was established in c.1887 AD. 

In c.1889 AD first commercial market was established for the upper class elites of the city which was named as Empress Market on the eve of birthday celebration of British Queen Victoria and with it silver and gold coins were also issued. In c.1892 AD the first synagogue for Jews was built along with a tower known as Merewether Clock Tower. In c.1894 AD Karachi Parsi Gymkhana was established for the Parsi community. In c.1898 AD Frere Street Station was built. After the turn of century a modern era begins for the city of Karachi. Several new developments emerged in the city of Karachi with the involvement of local communities, rich elite families and the philanthropists of the city in 20^th century. For instance: In c.1902 AD Karachi Indian Merchants Association was founded to save the interests of local businessmen. 

In c.1910 AD Young Men's Zoroastrian Association (YMZA) was established by Parsi community. Their other contribution was in c.1912 AD when they established Karachi Zarthosti Banu Mandal a social welfare organization for the Parsis. In c.1913 AD first new technology infrastructure was established with Karachi Electric Supply Company to provide electricity to this city of more than 150,000 people. Karachi Race Club also established for horse riding competitions and racing business. In c.1916 AD a major sports event took place in Karachi i.e. Sindh Quadrangular Cricket Tournament. In c.1920 AD Jahangir Kothari Parade was completed and inaugurated for the citizens to enjoy the seafront of Karachi. In c.1921 AD census of population identified the population of city around 216,000 persons. 

In c.1923 AD first school for blind, deaf and dumb was established to make children useful for society with disabilities. This special school was named as Ida Rieu School for children with disabilities. In the year c.1925 AD the Hindu community also become active by development of Hindu Gymkhana. In c.1926 AD Karachi Rugby Football Club was founded and in c.1927 AD Mohatta Palace or a high class residence was built. In c.1932 AD Karachi Municipal Corporation Building was completed and inaugurated to have a city local government for the welfare of citizens and maintenance of Karachi. In c.1933 AD Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta becomes the first local mayor of Karachi and contributed in the city maintenance. In same year Karachi Cotton Association came into existence and Karachi Rotary Club was established. In c.1934 AD first Hindu member Teakum Dass Vadhumull became the mayor of Karachi and contributed his efforts for development of schools and recreational places for the citizens. 

Next year in c.1935 AD Qazi Khuda Buksh becomes the mayor of Karachi and contributed for cleanliness in the city. By the year c.1936 AD the Karachi becomes the capital of Sindh Province, of British India. And K.B. Aradsher H. Mama becomes the mayor of city. In c.1937 AD again a Hindu member Mr. Durgha Das B. Adwani becomes the mayor of Karachi and worked for the health, education and urban maintenance of roads and infrastructure. Next year in c.1938 Hatim A. Alvi becomes the mayor and in c. 1939 AD Mr. R.K. Sidhwa becomes the mayor of Karachi. In c.1940 AD first major Urdu newspaper Daily Jang begin its publication and Mr. Lal Ji Malhotra becomes the mayor of Karachi. In c.1941 AD again a census exercise was conducted and population reached up to 435,000 persons. In the same year first medical college was established in Karachi known as Dow Medical College and Hashim Gazdar becomes the mayor of the city. In c.1942 AD Karachi Cantonment was established by British Indian Army and Soharab K.H.Katrak becomes the mayor of Karachi. Next year in c.1943 AD Mr. Shambhoo Nath Molraaj becomes mayor of Karāchi. 

In c.1944 AD Yusuf Haroon becomes the mayor of Karachi. In c.1945 AD Advani College of Commerce & Economics was established and Manual Musqutta becomes mayor of Karachi. In c.1946 AD Millat Gujarati-language newspaper begins its publication and distribution in the city and Mr. Wishram Das Dewan Das becomes the mayor of Karachi. Thus, in modern period it was quite evident that, a regular election of mayor on annual basis was the system of city government. The people from every religious community was the part of the system and every community contributed in the development and growth of the city. This reality kept Karachi environmentally clean, maintained and socially developed with very good built environment of buildings, architecture, urban open spaces, recreational spaces and urban transport infrastructure.

1.9.3. Karachi After Independence:

After Independence in c.1947 AD Karachi became the federal capital of Pakistan. In the beginning in c.1947 AD the country’s first English newspaper i.e. the Daily Dawn newspaper began its publication and most importantly the University of Sindh was founded. The Pakistan Institute of International Affairs was also headquartered in Karachi and Hakeem Muhammad Ahsan becomes the first mayor of Karachi after independence. In c.1948 AD Pakistan Socialist Party was founded and Ghulam Ali Alana becomes the mayor of Karāchi. The main institutions developed in this year include Karachi Stock Exchange, St. Joseph's College for Women, Beech Luxury Hotel and Holy Family Hospital, Karachi. 

In c.1950 AD, Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce & Industry headquarter was established in Karachi and in c.1951 AD, University of Karachi was established and National Museum of Pakistan opens in the Frere Hall Building. The population of city crossed one million i.e. 1,009,438 persons in the proper city area and 1,126,417 persons if included the urban agglomeration. Another significant institution made this year was the Edhi Foundation Headquarter in Karachi. 

In c. 1952 AD, the city of Karachi was expanded under the first urban master plan or MRV Plan and Nazimabad was developed as the first suburban area of the city. St. Patrick's College was also founded in the same year. In c.1953 AD Karachi Municipal Aquarium was built and in c.1954 AD Pakistan Maritime Museum become active. Mr. Mahmoud Haroon becomes the mayor of Karachi and Hamdard Foundation was established in the same year. In c.1955 AD National Stadium was opened for first class cricket in the country and to held international cricket test matches. In this year Al-Haj Malik Bagh Ali becomes the mayor of Karachi. Next year Mr. Siddique Wahab becomes mayor of Karachi. 

In c.1957 AD Karachi Development Authority was formed and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, and Pakistan National Scientific Documentation Centre were established. In c.1958 AD Federal capital relocated from Karachi to Rawalpindi. S.M. Taufique becomes the mayor of Karachi and Press Club of Pakistan was established. In c.1959 AD Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry established. Thus, in the decade of 1950s the city of Karachi witnessed major developments, regular election of mayor and institutional building which made this city a most modern place of Pakistan. 

Although in 1960’s Karachi was not the capital of Pakistan but city was still the hub of economic activities due to port. The population influx to Karachi was the major important factor which made this city a place for the poor people’s guardian and major labour market. In c.1961 AD, three major educational institutions opened in the city i.e. Adamjee Government Science College, Islamia Science College and Aisha Bawany Academy. In c.1962 AD The Daily News English-language newspaper began its publication and distribution. In c.1963 AD the first high-rise building i.e. Habib Bank Plaza was built which changed the Karachi city’s skyline and become the symbol of modern high-rise and landmark building for the city. 

Same year Aghaz Urdu-language newspaper started its publication and distribution and the first Industrial Zone for Pakistan i.e. Sindh Industrial Trading Estate was also established in c.1963 AD. In c.1964 AD first foreign cultural center of Germany i.e. Goethe-Institute Karachi become active, developed its library and hold many social events in Karachi. In c.1965 AD Business Recorder newspaper begins publication and the Clifton Fish Aquarium opens as a major recreational attraction for the Karachiites. In c.1966 AD Pakistan Navy Engineering College become active and in c.1968 AD Bambino Cinema opens as a most popular recreational outlet for the citizens.

In final year of 60s decade in c.1969 AD a major transport infrastructure project was opened and operated in Karāchi i.e. Karachi Circular Railway. Same year the city’s first urban park i.e. Hill Park was laid out and world’s largest dome was made in Masjid e Tooba (Tooba Mosque) by a Pakistani Architect and Engineer Dr. Babar Hameed Chauhan and made this wonder in Karachi. Thus, 60s decade made Karāchi the most modern city. However, Karāchi had no city mayor in whole decade. The 70s decade for Karachi was full of international events and national level projects of architecture and institutional development. 

In c.1970 Ad Jasarat an Urdu-language newspaper was established. Same year, the national level projects i.e. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s Mausoleum and Liaquat National Memorial Library was constructed in Karachi. In addition the Karachi also hosts the first international Islamic Foreign Ministers' conference which integrated the Muslim world together in a common thread. In c.1972 AD Karachi saw its first labour unrest due to freedoms granted to citizens for the first time and labour movements found Karachi as its epicenter. In the same year the Major Shaheed Aziz Bhatti Park was also developed in Karachi. 

The census was also held which shown that the city population reached to more than three million i.e. 3,498,634 persons and in this way Karachi became the largest city of Pakistan. In c.1973 AD, another significant institution developed in Karāchi i.e. Applied Economics Research Centre at University of Karachi. Due to social freedoms available in the city, Star Cinema opened in Saddar area and Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry also headquartered in the same year in Karāchi. Fortunately, in last year of 1970s decade in c.1979 AD Abdul Sattar Afghani of Jamāt-e-Islāmi becomes mayor. Thus, 70’s decade saw many sociopolitical, and spatial change in the built environment of Karachi. 

The 80s decade experienced major social conflicts and sociopolitical change with emergences of new urban dynamics of informal and formal growth in housing sector. In c.1980 AD Orangi Pilot Project was established to support infrastructure in poor people’s squatter settlements in Orangi town. In same year, Defence Housing Society was established in Karachi as major housing project for elite posh segments of society. Thus, both rich and poor found housing in this year in Karachi. In c.1981 AD urban area of Karāchi expands exponentially from 285 square miles to 730 square miles and population also jumped to five million people which made this city a cosmopolitan city with population of 5,180,562 persons. The reason was afghan refugees and Bengali migrants from Bangladesh which changed the social situation of Karachi. As a repercussion conflicts was inevitable between different communities because the Katchi Abadis and squatter settlements were also expanded exponentially. 

In c.1985 AD Karachi Hilton hotel was built for the elites and in c. 1986 AD a new political party emerged in the city and shown its street power. In 1987 the first ever communal conflicts emerged in the city and this has changed the whole dynamics of this city and law and order become uncontainable.  However on positive side the VM Art Gallery was founded in the city. Next year in c.1988 the Qaumi Akhbar an Urdu-language newspaper began its publication and distribution. The newly emerged political party got their mayor elected in the city. On the other hand, Defence Authority Degree College for Men was established as an elite college and in c.1989 AD the Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture was founded as Karachi’s first elite school for art and architectural education. Thus, 80s decade brought a major change in the context of Karāchi and its built environment. The 90s decade saw a major institutional developments, expansion of the city, increasing sociopolitical conflicts, and degraded law and order situation of Karāchi as megacity with mega problems and issues as an outcome of last decade’s disorderly changes. 

In c.1990 AD a Sindhi language newspaper Jaago began its publication and distribution. Same year the Quaid-e-Azam House museum was also established. In c.1992 AD major change was the construction of Jinnah International Airport’s new terminal building which made this city an international world city. In addition law enforcement process also began in the city. In c.1994 AD an Urdu Daily newspaper Awam was established and an English-language newspaper Financial Post also began there publication and distribution in the city. In c.1995 AD Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) was established as a major management education institution. In c.1996 major Political Assassinations took place in Karachi and city’s political environment became much violent. In c.1997 AD a major attempt of Health Oriented Preventive Education was founded in city. In c.1998 AD, Daily Express Urdu-language newspaper began its publication and Faran Mosque was built. By the end of century the population of city crossed ten million and Karāchi got status of a megacity among 25 megacities of the world. 

With the turn of century and new millennium 2000s decade experienced a major socio-spatial and morphological change, conflicts, exponential growth, local governments, masterplans and degraded law and order and a chaos in Karāchi the megacity of its time. In the following a detailed information about the Karachi’s context is given: In c.2000 AD Karachi hosted the first International Defence Exhibition and Seminar which has changed the overall perspective of this city in the world business community. In c.2001 AD the local government ordinance was enforced in the city which has changed the overall socio-spatial and morphological dimensions of the city. Earlier the city was divided in five districts i.e. Karāchi Central, Karāchi East, Karāchi South, Karāchi West, and the Malir District. 

This ordinance changed this status of city and city was divided in eighteen towns. The Karachi Central District was divided into 4 towns i.e. Gulberg Town, Liaquatabad Town, New Karachi Town, and North Nazimabad Town. Karachi East District was divided into 4 towns i.e. Gulshan Town, Korangi Town, Lāndhi Town and Shah Faisal Town. Karachi South District was divided into 3 towns i.e. Jamshed Town, Lyari Town and Saddar Town. Karachi West District was divided into 4 towns i.e. Baldia Town, Kiamāri Town, Orangi Town and SITE Town. Malir District was divided into 3 towns i.e. Bin Qasim Town, Gadāp Town and Malir Town. In c.2001 AD Mr. Naimatullah Khan became the mayor of Karāchi. There are two major efforts that he made for the betterment of this city i.e. development of town parks, neighbourhood parks and the up-gradation of road network in the city. 

Same year two major activities or events took place i.e. establishment of Vasl Artists' Collective and the Karachi’s first international film festival popularly known as Kara Film Festival held in 2001. These efforts made Karāchi an international level city in terms of physical development and cultural activities. In c.2003 AD Karachi’s first Cineplex was opened i.e. Universe Cineplex. In c.2004 AD Karachi Dolphin cricket team was formed. In c.2005 AD Karāchi elected its new mayor Syed Mustafa Kamal. With the support of provincial, and federal government to local government whole morphology of city has changed with the development and construction of signal free corridors, underpasses and overhead bridges. These developments caused almost total removal of the earlier existing beautiful green roundabouts on intersections of the urban roads. The city expanded exponentially with a network of formal and mushrooming of informal housing settlements. The National Academy of Performing Arts and MCB Tower was also built in c.2003 AD. 

The other major change is the commercialization of 26 major arterials and urban roads of the city and permissions for construction of high-rise apartments and mix use commercial buildings without considering the increase in demand for water, sanitation, sewerage disposal, electricity, gas, and other social services. From c.2007 AD onwards the city came under riots and gang wars, street crimes and low level of safety and security of Karachiites. This has disturbed the social, cultural and built environment. In October ex-prime minister Benazir Bhutto’s motorcade came under bombs attack and many people got killed. In the same year the Bagh-e-Ibn-e-Qasim Park was inaugurated to give citizens an open space for recreation. In 2008 the Lyari town was the more affected town among all due to sociopolitical conflict and destruction of physical, social and economic environment. In the same year the Arts Council Theatre Academy was established to give Karachiites a good cultural environment. 

In c.2009 AD Air pollution in Karachi reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 290 PM10, which was much higher than recommended by the environmental experts around the world. Thus, by the end of first decade of new millennium the Karachi experienced mega problems, issues and efforts for its mitigation. In this decade from c.2010 AD to date the Karachi’s context has changed to a greater extent with two major suburban satellite towns and exponential growth of this city. In c.2010 AD Karachi Literature Festival began to divert people’s minds from the overall negative contextual changes to positive activities. The Express Tribune English-language newspaper began publication this year. In c.2011 AD Karachi Metropolitan Corporation revived, Dolmen Mall Clifton began business. In c.2012 AD Ocean Tower was built as a major monumental building. In c.2014 AD Karachi Children's Literature Festival was held and in 2015 Karachi was recognized as the cheapest city in the world for the survival of the poor. In 2018 the physical, social, economic and environmental dimension have changed in Karachi and it is anticipated as a livable and prosperous city of Future.

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